Eiropas Savienība, kā arī citas starptautiskās organizācijas, ir izstādājusi virkni dokumentu, kas veltīti prettiesisko darbību ar kultūras priekšmetiem novēršanai. Piedāvājam Jums iepazīties ar tiem šeit:
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Regula EK Nr.116/2009 ievieš vienotu kontroles sistēmu, lai novērstu nelegālu kultūras priekšmetu izvešanu ārpus Savienības ārējām robežām, kas ļauj dalībvalstu, no kurām kultūras preces tiks izvestas uz valsti ārpus ES, kompetentajām (kultūras un muitas) iestādēm ņemt vērā citu dalībvalstu intereses. Tas ir darīts tāpēc, ka, ja šādas kontroles nebūtu, pārbaužu atcelšana uz fiziskām robežām ES ietvaros nozīmētu, ka no dalībvalsts nelikumīgi izvestu nacionālo dārgumu varētu uzrādīt citas dalībvalsts muitas iestādē un viegli izvest uz trešo valsti. Tikai kultūras preces, uz kurām attiecas pilnīga un vienota kontroles sistēma (dokumenti un ekspertīze), var atstāt ES teritoriju un legāli tikt izvestas ārpus ES.
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Oficiālais teksts:
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Padomes Regula (EK) Nr. 116/2009 ( 2008. gada 18. decembris ) par kultūras priekšmetu izvešanu (Kodificēta versija) - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32009R0116
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Direktīva 2014/60/ES papildina šo preventīvo instrumentu, nodrošinot mehānismus un procedūru nacionālo dārgumu atgriešanai, ja tie ir nelikumīgi izvesti no kādas dalībvalsts teritorijas. Lai gan regulas mērķis ir izvairīties no nacionālo dārgumu izvešanas ārpus ES teritorijas bez kontroles, direktīva savukārt nodarbojas ar kārtību šādu dārgumu atgriešanai izcelsmes dalībvalstī, ja tie ir nelikumīgi izvesti no tās.
- Oficiālais teksts:
Eiropas Parlaments un Padomes Direktīva 2014/60/ES (2014. gada 15. maijs) par no dalībvalsts teritorijas nelikumīgi izvestu kultūras priekšmetu atgriešanu un ar ko groza Regulu (ES) Nr. 1024/2012 (pārstrādāta redakcija) - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32014L0060
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Regula (ES) 2019/880 par kultūras priekšmetu ieviešanu un importu tika pieņemta, lai nodrošinātu, ka Eiropas Savienībā var ievest tikai kultūras priekšmetus, kuri likumīgi izvesti no trešām valstīm, kur tie radīti vai atrasti. Nelegālu kultūras priekšmetu imports vai ievešana Savienībā ir aizliegta, un ir noteiktas procedūras kultūras priekšmetu importam Savienībā. Šī jaunā regula paredz ievešanas atļauju (importa licenču) sistēmu, ko dalībvalstu kompetentās iestādes izsniedz attiecībā uz visvairāk apdraudētajiem kultūras priekšmetiem, un importētāju apliecinājumu iesniegšanu muitai par citām, mazāk apdraudētām kultūras priekšmetu kategorijām. Komisija izstrādās centralizētu elektronisku sistēmu informācijas glabāšanai un apmaiņai starp dalībvalstu administrācijām. Tas nozīmē arī iespēju kultūras priekšmetus atgriezt trešajās valstīs, ja tie no turienes tika nelikumīgi eksportēti.
- Oficiālais teksts:
Eiropas Parlaments un Padomes regula (ES) 2019/880 (2019. gada 17. aprīlis) par kultūras priekšmetu ievešanu un importu - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0880
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Ad Hoc tirdzniecības ierobežojumi: Regulas par Irāku un Sīriju – Eiropas Savienības Padomes Regula (EK) Nr. 1210/2003 (2003. gada 7. jūlijs) par konkrētiem īpašiem ierobežojumiem attiecībā uz ekonomikas un finanšu sakariem ar Irāku un Eiropas Savienības Padome Regula Nr. 36/2012 (2012. gada 18. janvāris) par ierobežojošiem pasākumiem saistībā ar situāciju Sīrijā aizliedz kultūras priekšmetu tirdzniecību ar šīm valstīm gadījumos, kad ir pamatotas aizdomas, ka priekšmeti ir izvesti bez to likumīgā īpašnieka piekrišanas vai ir izvestas, pārkāphot valsts vai starptautiskos tiesību aktus. Šajās regulās nav citu noteikumu attiecībā uz to piemērošanu.
- Oficiālie teksti:
Eiropas Savienības Padomes Regula (EK) Nr. 1210/2003 (2003. gada 7. jūlijs) par konkrētiem īpašiem ierobežojumiem attiecībā uz ekonomikas un finanšu sakariem ar Irāku un par Regulas (EK) Nr. 2465/96 atcelšanu – https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003R1210
Eiropas Savienības Padome Regula Nr. 36/2012 (2012. gada 18. janvāris) par ierobežojošiem pasākumiem saistībā ar situāciju Sīrijā un ar ko atceļ Regulu (ES) Nr. 442/2011 – https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex:32012R0036
Pašlaik nav paredzēti turpmāki pasākumi stingrākas regulējumam šajā jomā.
ArtLaw.club izsaka visdziļāko atzinību Annai Kostovas-Bourgeix kundzei (Policy Officer, European Commission, DG for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Goods in the Single Market and Enforcement, Unit B/1 Free Movement of Goods) par šī materiāla sagatavošanu.
(ArtLaw.club tulkojums no angļu valodas)
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