Summarize

Mākslīgais intelekts uzņem apgriezienus visās dzīves jomās, arī radošajā jomā. Vai šiem darbiem ir autortiesību aizsardzība? Vai ir kāda atšķirība starp ASV un Eiropas regulējumu?

*raksts tiek publicēts oriģinālvalodā

Ryan E. Long

AI Creations: Legally Protected?

Imagine you just purchased a painting from Sotheby’s called Portrait of Edmond Belamy (“Portrait”) for $432,500. Portrait was AI-generated. Your neighbour Jim takes a photo of the painting as you are bringing it inside. Jim puts Portrait on t-shirts for sale online.

What, if anything, can you do, provided you wanted to? What about the software company who owns the AI? Does it matter whether you live in the US or the EU?

The issue is not hypothetical. AI-created paintings, software, and other inventions have grown immensely. While copyright and patent law can protect human-made paintings and software, respectively, AI-generated inventions are not protectable under either regime in the US. In the EU, the answer is largely the same, as we shall see below.

 

Can AI be an “author” or “inventor”?

A. The European Union

The European Patent Office on 28 January 2020 rejected patent filings by a machine called DABUS on the same grounds that “an inventor designated in the application has to be a human being, and not a machine.” In both applications, “a machine called ‘DABUS,’ which is described as a ‘type of connectionist artificial intelligence,’ is named as the inventor.” As we shall see, decisions regarding copyright and patent ownership in the US follow a similar rationale.

Thereafter, the European Parliament passed a number of resolutions concerning AI throughout 2020. A report “on intellectual property rights for the development of artificial intelligence technologies” from 10 October 2020 is most relevant for the purposes of this article. It recommends that, in apportioning intellectual property rights, “the degree of human intervention” and “autonomy of AI” should be taken into account.

The report goes onto note “the difference between AI-assisted human creations and AI-generated creations, with the latter creating new challenges for IPR [intellectual property rights] protection, such as questions of ownership, inventorship and appropriate renumeration.” The Report recommends that “works autonomously produced by artificial agents and robots might not be eligible for copyright protection, in order to preserve the principle of originality, which is linked to a natural person.”. As such, “ownership rights, if any, should be assigned to natural or legal persons that created the work lawfully.”

On October 20, 2020, the European Parliament adopted the recommendations and refined them via a Resolution. For example, while AI and related technologies “based on computations models an algorithms” and regarded as “mathematical methods” are not patentable,” such models and computer programs may be protected “when they are used as part of an AI system that contributes to producing a further technical effect.” (Emphasis added.)

The Resolution goes on to clarify that “where AI is used only as a tool to assist an author in the process of creation, the current IP framework remains applicable.” (Emphasis added.) In all cases, only a natural person can be listed as the inventor of a copyright or patent in the EU.

That all being said, the 20 October Resolution does not state whether the author needs to delineate in the application which parts of the creation were AI made, and which were created by the author. This approach is how copyrights for compositions by multiple authors are filed in the US – denoting by whom among the authors certain lyrics or musical notes were written. A similar approach could be used for a subsequent Resolution.

 

B. The United States

Copyright case law has also indicated that AI cannot be an “author” under the Copyright Act. In Naurto v. Slater, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that an Indonesian monkey named “Naruto” couldn’t own the copyright to his “Monkey Selfies.” The reason: the U.S. Copyright office “will refuse to register a claim if it determines that a human being did not create the work.” (Emphasis added.) The office further states that it will exclude works “produced by machine or mere mechanical process that operates randomly or automatically without any creative input or intervention from a human author.” (Emphasis added.) Consequently, AI-created products are not likely subject to copyright registration.

Similarly, the USPTO, in a April 27, 2020 decision ruled that AI cannot be listed as the “inventor” in a patent application. The application was filed by the Artificial Inventor Project (“AIP”), which is a team of international patent attorneys whose mission is to explore AI patentability. AIP filed a sealed patent application on July 29, 2019, for “Devices and Methods for Attracting Enhanced Attention (“DABUS application”). According to the application, this “creativity machine” is “programmed as a series of neural networks that have been trained with general information in the field of endeavor to independently create the invention.” The inventor on the substitute application was listed as “DABUS (the invention was autonomously generated by artificial intelligence).”

Under relevant federal patent law, an “inventor” is defined as “the individual or, if a joint invention, the individuals collectively who invented or discovered the subject matter of the invention.” However, the USPTO’s decision denying the DABUS application pointed out that federal law consistently refers to inventors as natural persons. One section provides “[w]hoever invents or discovers any new and useful process . . . may obtain a patent therefore”. According to the USPTO, “’[w]hoever’ suggests a natural person.” Other provisions of federal patent law “refers to individuals and uses pronouns specific to natural persons  -- ‘himself’ and ‘herself’ – when referring to the ‘individual’ who believes himself or herself to be the original inventor or an original joint inventor or a claimed invention on the application.” The finding of the USPTO is consistent with Federal Circuit case law which has held that an “inventor” must be a natural person.

Like in the E.U., a creation may still be copyrightable or patentable in the U.S. if it was made with the assistance of AI. The question of how much AI involvement renders an otherwise human-made creation a product of AI has yet to be addressed.

 

How to protect AI creations?

If AI creations are not, for the time being, protectable under either copyright or patent, then how can one protect them? Contractual provisions in licensing agreements are one option. Even if licensed technology isn’t either copyrightable or patentable, contract law can provide a gap filler between contracting parties. However, this doesn’t preclude reverse engineering once the product is released into the market. Another alternative is federal or state trade secret law. Even then, trade secret law doesn’t preclude reverse engineering.

In light of these open questions, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) held a conference in late 2020 to address ownership of AI created works. One question in WIPO’s Revised Issues Paper: “[i]f a human inventor is required to be named, should AI-generated inventions fall within the public domain or should the law given indications of the way in which the human inventor should be determined?” Likewise, the U.S. Copyright Office held a conference in February of 2020 year titled: “Copyright in the Age of Artificial Intelligence” and, later in the year, the USPTO published a report “Public Views on Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Policy. The USPTO Report confirmed that AI cannot “invent nor author without human invention.”

Given the foregoing, you would not likely be able to enjoin Jim from commercially exploiting Portrait in either the EU or the US. As for the software company that created Portrait via its AI, the answer would, in all likelihood, be the same.

 

This article first appeared in Epicenter -- European Policy Information Center.

Since 2006, Ryan has been the principal of Long & Associates PLLC, a Santa Monica based boutique law practice. His e-mail: [email protected]. He solves tricky intellectual property issues for pioneering tech / media / design clients. They include interior designers like Ms. Allison Cosmos and fine artists such as painter Mr. William Petty, based within the U.S. and beyond. Ryan is also a non-residential fellow of Stanford Law School’s Center for Internet and Society. He has written for or been interviewed by the likes of TechCrunch, among others, about artificial intelligence, blockchain, and how to tackle “deep fake” content.

 

Photo on preview: by Andrea De Santis on Unsplash

Komentāri: 20
Christinez Jean
May 08, 2025 12:47
Dear Brunoe Quick Hack Victim (scam) rec0very
I am deeply grateful for the incredible service you provided in rec0vering my scammed funds. As a single mother of three and a surgeon, losing my life savings to fraud was heartbreaking.
Thanks to your team's expertise and tireless efforts, I was able to get my money back. Your professionalism and customer focus are outstanding and speak volumes about your company’s dedication.
I wholeheartedly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of a (scam) You truly make a difference.
Thank you again for your excellent work.
Sincerely, All Thank Brunoe Quick Hack victim scam rec0very …contact information: (BrunoeQuickHack) @ GMAIL .COM
Whats-App: +1705-(7842)-635
Web-Site: BrunoeQuickHack.(com)

Mrs. Christine Z Jean
Christinez Jean
May 08, 2025 12:47
Dear Brunoe Quick Hack Victim (scam) rec0very
I am deeply grateful for the incredible service you provided in rec0vering my scammed funds. As a single mother of three and a surgeon, losing my life savings to fraud was heartbreaking.
Thanks to your team's expertise and tireless efforts, I was able to get my money back. Your professionalism and customer focus are outstanding and speak volumes about your company’s dedication.
I wholeheartedly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of a (scam) You truly make a difference.
Thank you again for your excellent work.
Sincerely, All Thank Brunoe Quick Hack victim scam rec0very …contact information: (BrunoeQuickHack) @ GMAIL .COM
Whats-App: +1705-(7842)-635
Web-Site: BrunoeQuickHack.(com)

Mrs. Christine Z Jean
Vanessa Craig
May 07, 2025 14:11
Hello, it’s a lovely morning here.. I am Vanessa Craig, and I am writing this article to inform everyone that just because we overlook certain information due to our lack of knowledge doesn’t mean it isn’t real. I am currently valued at more than £70 Million Pounds because I acknowledged this vital information. I had assistance from a man named Meduza I found online whose impressive testimonials about his spell work are legit and genuine. His lottery spell enabled me to win £65 Million Pounds in the lottery by providing me with the accurate winning numbers after he performed a lottery spell for me. I placed my full trust in him and followed his instructions without any hesitation and right now, I am proud to say that Meduza’s spiritual advice for winning the lottery is superb and outstanding. I am very grateful to him for his help. To learn more, reach out to him at

WhatsApp: +1 807 907 2687
Email: [email protected]
Facebook: lordmeduzatemple
Vanessa
May 07, 2025 14:11
Hello, it’s a lovely morning here.. I am Vanessa Craig, and I am writing this article to inform everyone that just because we overlook certain information due to our lack of knowledge doesn’t mean it isn’t real. I am currently valued at more than £70 Million Pounds because I acknowledged this vital information. I had assistance from a man named Meduza I found online whose impressive testimonials about his spell work are legit and genuine. His lottery spell enabled me to win £65 Million Pounds in the lottery by providing me with the accurate winning numbers after he performed a lottery spell for me. I placed my full trust in him and followed his instructions without any hesitation and right now, I am proud to say that Meduza’s spiritual advice for winning the lottery is superb and outstanding. I am very grateful to him for his help. To learn more, reach out to him at

WhatsApp: +1 807 907 2687
Email: [email protected]
Facebook: lordmeduzatemple
Christinez Jean
May 07, 2025 12:09
Dear Brunoe Quick Hack Victim (scam) rec0very
I am deeply grateful for the incredible service you provided in rec0vering my scammed funds. As a single mother of three and a surgeon, losing my life savings to fraud was heartbreaking.
Thanks to your team's expertise and tireless efforts, I was able to get my money back. Your professionalism and customer focus are outstanding and speak volumes about your company’s dedication.
I wholeheartedly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of a (scam) You truly make a difference.
Thank you again for your excellent work.
Sincerely, All Thank Brunoe Quick Hack victim scam rec0very …contact information: (BrunoeQuickHack) @ GMAIL .COM
Whats-App: +1705-(7842)-635
Web-Site: BrunoeQuickHack.(com)

Mrs. Christine Z Jean
Christinez Jean
May 07, 2025 12:09
Dear Brunoe Quick Hack Victim (scam) rec0very
I am deeply grateful for the incredible service you provided in rec0vering my scammed funds. As a single mother of three and a surgeon, losing my life savings to fraud was heartbreaking.
Thanks to your team's expertise and tireless efforts, I was able to get my money back. Your professionalism and customer focus are outstanding and speak volumes about your company’s dedication.
I wholeheartedly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of a (scam) You truly make a difference.
Thank you again for your excellent work.
Sincerely, All Thank Brunoe Quick Hack victim scam rec0very …contact information: (BrunoeQuickHack) @ GMAIL .COM
Whats-App: +1705-(7842)-635
Web-Site: BrunoeQuickHack.(com)

Mrs. Christine Z Jean
Christinez Jean
May 07, 2025 12:09
Dear Brunoe Quick Hack Victim (scam) rec0very
I am deeply grateful for the incredible service you provided in rec0vering my scammed funds. As a single mother of three and a surgeon, losing my life savings to fraud was heartbreaking.
Thanks to your team's expertise and tireless efforts, I was able to get my money back. Your professionalism and customer focus are outstanding and speak volumes about your company’s dedication.
I wholeheartedly recommend your services to anyone who has been a victim of a (scam) You truly make a difference.
Thank you again for your excellent work.
Sincerely, All Thank Brunoe Quick Hack victim scam rec0very …contact information: (BrunoeQuickHack) @ GMAIL .COM
Whats-App: +1705-(7842)-635
Web-Site: BrunoeQuickHack.(com)

Mrs. Christine Z Jean
Stephanie H Danielle
Apr 30, 2025 19:51
Dear Brunoe Quick H a c k Best Rec0ver,
I want to sincerely thank you for your outstanding support in helping me recover my stolen funds. As a surgeon and a single mother of three, losing my savings to a trading scam was devastating.
Your team's skill, dedication, and hard work made all the difference. I’m truly impressed by how you tracked down the scammers and retrieved my money. Your professionalism reflects the strong values of your company. I highly recommend your services to anyone who has been scammed — you truly can help people regain their financial security. Thank you once again for everything you have done.
Sincerely,  Brunoe Quick H a c k is here to help …contact information: Brunoequickhack(@)GMAIL .(COM)
Whats-App: +1705-7842-635
Web-Site: BrunoeQuickHack (.)COM
Stephanie H Danielle
Apr 30, 2025 19:51
Dear Brunoe Quick H a c k Best Rec0ver,
I want to sincerely thank you for your outstanding support in helping me recover my stolen funds. As a surgeon and a single mother of three, losing my savings to a trading scam was devastating.
Your team's skill, dedication, and hard work made all the difference. I’m truly impressed by how you tracked down the scammers and retrieved my money. Your professionalism reflects the strong values of your company. I highly recommend your services to anyone who has been scammed — you truly can help people regain their financial security. Thank you once again for everything you have done.
Sincerely,  Brunoe Quick H a c k is here to help …contact information: Brunoequickhack(@)GMAIL .(COM)
Whats-App: +1705-7842-635
Web-Site: BrunoeQuickHack (.)COM
Recovery Intelligence
Apr 28, 2025 00:09
ARE YOU A VICTIM OF CRYPTOCURRENCY INVESTMENT FRAUD, FOREX OR NFT SCAM? SCHEDULE A MEETING WITH AN ETHICAL HACKER ASAP TO GET STARTED.

Workmanship fee is to be settled AFTER successful recovery.

Let us show you the art of Ethical Hacking….!

Asore Hack Corp. is a financial regulator, PRIVATE investigation and funds recovery body. We specialize in cases as regards ETHICAL HACKING, CRYPTOCURRENCY, FAKE INVESTMENT SCHEMES and RECOVERY SCAM. We are also experts in CREDIT REPAIR, we analyze what’s impacting your score.
All software tools needed to execute RECOVERIES from start to finish are available in stock.
Kindly NOTE that the available tools does NOT apply to CREDIT FIX.

Be ALERT to FALSE reviews and testimonies on the internet, the authors and perpetrators unite to form a syndicate.

Contact our team as soon as you can via the email address below to book a mail meeting with an ethical hacker.
asorehackcorp (@) gmail (.) com

Transparency is our watchword !

Stay Safe out there !i
Recovery Intelligence
Apr 28, 2025 00:09
ARE YOU A VICTIM OF CRYPTOCURRENCY INVESTMENT FRAUD, FOREX OR NFT SCAM? SCHEDULE A MEETING WITH AN ETHICAL HACKER ASAP TO GET STARTED.

Workmanship fee is to be settled AFTER successful recovery.

Let us show you the art of Ethical Hacking….!

Asore Hack Corp. is a financial regulator, PRIVATE investigation and funds recovery body. We specialize in cases as regards ETHICAL HACKING, CRYPTOCURRENCY, FAKE INVESTMENT SCHEMES and RECOVERY SCAM. We are also experts in CREDIT REPAIR, we analyze what’s impacting your score.
All software tools needed to execute RECOVERIES from start to finish are available in stock.
Kindly NOTE that the available tools does NOT apply to CREDIT FIX.

Be ALERT to FALSE reviews and testimonies on the internet, the authors and perpetrators unite to form a syndicate.

Contact our team as soon as you can via the email address below to book a mail meeting with an ethical hacker.
asorehackcorp (@) gmail (.) com

Transparency is our watchword !

Stay Safe out there !i
Noel Patricio
Apr 26, 2025 14:07
A Life-Changing Experience, Dr Kachi A Testimony of Gratitude

I would like to share an extraordinary experience that has transformed my life. I came across a remarkable testimony online forum about a powerful and renowned spell caster, Dr. Kachi. At the time, I was skeptical because I had never encountered anything related to magic or spell casting before. However, the story of Dr. Kachi's work resonated with me, and I decided to give it a chance. For years, my family and I struggled financially, and despite my best efforts, I never had luck winning the lottery. I loved playing, but winning seemed impossible. Everything changed when I connected with Dr. Kachi, who provided me with a winning lottery number through a powerful spell. In just 24 hours, I was able to play the lottery and won the Lotto 6/49 prize, a remarkable $68 million cash prize, on September 27th in the Gold Ball Draw. This incredible win has completely changed my life and the financial well-being of my entire family. After 10 years of trying unsuccessfully, I am now living my dream life. I am beyond grateful to Dr. Kachi for his assistance, Dr. Kachi has truly been a blessing to me and my loved ones. I encourage anyone who is interested to reach out to Dr. Kachi for guidance. his website https://drkachispellcaster.wixsite.com/my-site or email [email protected]. Also reach him text or call +1 (209) 893-8075.Thank you once again, Dr. Kachi, for making my dreams come true.
Jackson D Martin
Apr 26, 2025 09:18
My experience with Brunoe Quick Hack has been nothing short of exceptional. Their service is top-notch, Losing Bitc0in can be frustrating, but there’s a solution! Whether you mistakenly sent your funds to the wrong address, lost your private keys, or fell victim to a hack, Brunoe Quick Hack is here to help. and I highly recommend them to anyone who has fallen victim to Crypt0currency scams. If you're looking for a reliable and efficient solution to rec0ver your st0len funds, look no further than Brunoe Quick Hack. This innovative tool, created by blockchain security professionals, uses advanced crypt0graphy and AI to locate lost crypt0currency. It’s fast, easy to use, and designed for everyone—even if you’re new to crypto. Brunoe Quick Hack is here to help …contact information: Brunoequickhack(@)GMAIL .com
Website: Brunoequickhack.com
WhatsApp: +1705-7842-635
Thank you again, Brunoe Quick Hack!
Jackson D Martin
Apr 26, 2025 09:18
My experience with Brunoe Quick Hack has been nothing short of exceptional. Their service is top-notch, Losing Bitc0in can be frustrating, but there’s a solution! Whether you mistakenly sent your funds to the wrong address, lost your private keys, or fell victim to a hack, Brunoe Quick Hack is here to help. and I highly recommend them to anyone who has fallen victim to Crypt0currency scams. If you're looking for a reliable and efficient solution to rec0ver your st0len funds, look no further than Brunoe Quick Hack. This innovative tool, created by blockchain security professionals, uses advanced crypt0graphy and AI to locate lost crypt0currency. It’s fast, easy to use, and designed for everyone—even if you’re new to crypto. Brunoe Quick Hack is here to help …contact information: Brunoequickhack(@)GMAIL .com
Website: Brunoequickhack.com
WhatsApp: +1705-7842-635
Thank you again, Brunoe Quick Hack!
Sven Freitag
Apr 25, 2025 10:29
I’m a 37-year-old marketing consultant from Berlin, and in 2024, I invested 4.8 BTC (about €300,600) into what I believed was a legitimate opportunity through HyperVerse. It looked promising at first, daily returns, active communication but within months, the platform collapsed. My Bitcoin was gone, and I realized too late it was a Ponzi scheme.

Refusing to accept the loss, I contacted Morphohack Cyber Service. Their team of crypto recovery experts carefully analyzed my case, tracked the stolen funds using blockchain forensics, and communicated with me every step of the way. After a month, they recovered 3.9 BTC, around €366,200 (at the time of recovery) into a secure wallet.

While I didn’t recover everything, I got back more than I expected. If you’ve been scammed in crypto, I highly recommend Morphohack. Their professionalism and results gave me a second chance.

:[email protected]
:WWW.MORPHOHACKCYBERSERVICES.COM
David Adams
Apr 25, 2025 04:49
Cyberpunk Programmers is a specialized firm focused on recovering lost cryptocurrency assets. Their expert team employs advanced blockchain forensics and tracing techniques to retrieve funds lost to scams, hacks, or fraud. With a client-first mindset, they prioritize clear, jargon-free communication, ensuring clients understand the recovery process.
The company distinguishes itself through transparency and security, implementing strict measures to protect sensitive data. Their results-oriented fee model charges only upon successful recovery, aligning their goals with clients’ interests and reducing upfront risks. This reflects their confidence in tackling complex crypto recovery cases.
Cyberpunk Programmers handles various asset loss scenarios, from phishing attacks to compromised wallets, catering to both novice and seasoned crypto users. Their efficient approach aims for swift resolutions without compromising thoroughness, making their services accessible and reliable.
Known for ethical practices, Cyberpunk Programmers has earned a strong reputation in the asset recovery industry. Their dedication to client satisfaction and expertise in navigating digital fraud make them a trusted choice for those seeking to reclaim lost crypto assets. For anyone facing cryptocurrency loss, Cyberpunk Programmers offers a professional, secure, and effective solution. for more info about Cyberpunk Programmers inquire at cyberpunkprogrammers.com
David Adams
Apr 25, 2025 04:49
Cyberpunk Programmers is a specialized firm focused on recovering lost cryptocurrency assets. Their expert team employs advanced blockchain forensics and tracing techniques to retrieve funds lost to scams, hacks, or fraud. With a client-first mindset, they prioritize clear, jargon-free communication, ensuring clients understand the recovery process.
The company distinguishes itself through transparency and security, implementing strict measures to protect sensitive data. Their results-oriented fee model charges only upon successful recovery, aligning their goals with clients’ interests and reducing upfront risks. This reflects their confidence in tackling complex crypto recovery cases.
Cyberpunk Programmers handles various asset loss scenarios, from phishing attacks to compromised wallets, catering to both novice and seasoned crypto users. Their efficient approach aims for swift resolutions without compromising thoroughness, making their services accessible and reliable.
Known for ethical practices, Cyberpunk Programmers has earned a strong reputation in the asset recovery industry. Their dedication to client satisfaction and expertise in navigating digital fraud make them a trusted choice for those seeking to reclaim lost crypto assets. For anyone facing cryptocurrency loss, Cyberpunk Programmers offers a professional, secure, and effective solution. for more info about Cyberpunk Programmers inquire at cyberpunkprogrammers.com
Wendy Taylor
Apr 23, 2025 09:38
My name is Wendy Taylor, I'm from Los Angeles, i want to announce to you Viewer how Capital Crypto Recover help me to restore my Lost Bitcoin, I invested with a Crypto broker without proper research to know what I was hoarding my hard-earned money into scammers, i lost access to my crypto wallet or had your funds stolen? Don’t worry Capital Crypto Recover is here to help you recover your cryptocurrency with cutting-edge technical expertise, With years of experience in the crypto world, Capital Crypto Recover employs the best latest tools and ethical hacking techniques to help you recover lost assets, unlock hacked accounts, Whether it’s a forgotten password, Capital Crypto Recover has the expertise to help you get your crypto back. a security company service that has a 100% success rate in the recovery of crypto assets, i lost wallet and hacked accounts. I provided them the information they requested and they began their investigation. To my surprise, Capital Crypto Recover was able to trace and recover my crypto assets successfully within 24hours. Thank you for your service in helping me recover my $647,734 worth of crypto funds and I highly recommend their recovery services, they are reliable and a trusted company to any individuals looking to recover lost money. Contact email [email protected] OR Telegram @Capitalcryptorecover Call/Text Number +1 (336)390-6684 his contact: [email protected]
Cate Brooks
Apr 20, 2025 00:13
Trust is hard to find these days. I didn’t suspect anything wrong between my ex and our nanny, thinking it was just her being good at her job. I initially hired a private investigator for money issues, feeling he was hiding something, and turned to Crypt0 Pandemic Hunter to find hidden expenses. I was not ready for the truth.

The report from Crypt0 Pandemic Hunter revealed not just financial issues but also secrets between him and the nanny, Flora, including extra payments and flirtatious conversations. This betrayal was heartbreaking and painful. It was difficult moment, especially moving on and kids but I had to make a bold decision. I hope others choose the right partner.
[email protected]
Cate Brooks
Apr 20, 2025 00:13
Trust is hard to find these days. I didn’t suspect anything wrong between my ex and our nanny, thinking it was just her being good at her job. I initially hired a private investigator for money issues, feeling he was hiding something, and turned to Crypt0 Pandemic Hunter to find hidden expenses. I was not ready for the truth.

The report from Crypt0 Pandemic Hunter revealed not just financial issues but also secrets between him and the nanny, Flora, including extra payments and flirtatious conversations. This betrayal was heartbreaking and painful. It was difficult moment, especially moving on and kids but I had to make a bold decision. I hope others choose the right partner.
[email protected]
Mēs izmantojam sīkdatnes, lai nodrošinātu Jums labāku apmeklēšanas pieredzi. Turpinot skatīt mūsu platformu, Jūs automātiski pieņemas un piekrītat šai praksei
Piekrītu